Which medical specialty deals with the physiology and diseases of the eye?

Ophthalmology is the medical specialty that focuses on the physiology, anatomy, and diseases of the eye. This specialty encompasses a wide range of topics, including the diagnosis and treatment of eye-related conditions, surgeries for refractive errors and cataracts, and management of ocular diseases such as glaucoma and retinal disorders. An ophthalmologist is a trained specialist who may perform eye exams, prescribe corrective lenses, and administer medications or perform surgical interventions as necessary to maintain or improve visual health.

In contrast, the other choices pertain to different areas of medicine. Pathology involves the study of the nature and causes of diseases, primarily through the examination of tissues and bodily fluids. Toxicology focuses on the effects of chemicals on living organisms, including the study of poison and harmful substances. Radiology deals with imaging techniques such as X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans to diagnose and manage various medical conditions, but does not specialize specifically in eye physiology or diseases. Thus, ophthalmology is the only option that directly addresses the care and treatment of the eye.